Life Is a Journey Speech Essay Example for Free

Life Is a Journey Speech Essay former(prenominal) you can just feel a persons spirit around you. In many ways, we can visit that the death of something does often set off some kind of impact, and as a result of this impact something about us inevitably changes. Im sure weve totally had to deal with a close relative or a friend passing away, and its non the easiest thing, but theres so much to learn from it. Ive never really had a reason to until my good friend Dominique passed away earlier last year. Its nuts that one-day were all sitting together overlap a few laughs, and the next day a member of our group is no longer with us. Dominique was one of the smartest and most compassionate plurality I knew. Hed continuously make sure others were comfortable and never put himself before others. And thats part of the reason why his death affected me so much its saddening to know that a person that has done so much good can pass away at such a young age. Granted it is saddening, we can only learn from the good he has accomplished. It was hard satisfying someone go that moved through life with you equivalent water (simile). But I learned a lot from it. active embracing moments. About taking chances. About never giving up. About gratitude. About me (alliteration).Life is a journey (metaphor). And I never really understood what that meant until Dominique passed. As an active member of his community and a student at University of Maryland, Dominique evermore had something to offer to others. He always counted his blessings and paid it forward. Which continually blew my mind why is someone so young worried about giving back to others when he has so much life left to live? Especially after Dominiques death, Ive realized that we can go so unexpectedly. When most people hear this, they think of all of the things that they have not done yet, the places they want to go, the crazy stories they want to tell, but because of my friend Dominique, I am able to see ther e are far more important things to live your life by like establishing good character, and having the ability to be selfless. Im not saying this is easy, but it is something I believe everyone should strive for in life. We all go through struggles on a daily basis but should we sink up or continue to bite our teeth and fight on.Every setback happens for a reason, and this is the best time to learn from our mistakes, correct them, and hopefully not make the same mistakes in the future. Learn something new and strengthen yourself. My favorite quality of Dominiques was that he never expected, demanded, or assumed anything. He always gave people the benefit of the doubt, did his best, and controlled the elements that he could control. Weve all heard the quote Things that dont kill you will only make you stronger. After every setback, restrain back and become stronger. He always fought like the courageous man he was (simile). We often dont realize that our attitude determines our unhap piness or misery. He always taught me to become determined to stay positive. Circumstances will direct you, correct you, and perfect you over time so whatever you do, breastfeed on to hope.The last thing Dominique really opened my eyes to was that he was never afraid to get out of his comfort zone. He was never diffident and always put himself out there. Sometimes, when you are too comfortable in your journey to success, you will not improve, and scat to become okay with where you stand. Dominique was a heavy(p) example of someone who kept moving forward and wasnt afraid of what he may run into. Weve all taken the first step of acquiring out our comfort zone by signing up for SP CM 212.But we must keep in mind that its a devise in progress and that nothing comes easy. Dom always tried to persuade me into doing something I wouldnt normally do and to give everything a chance. Thanks to him we were able to address a few memories by going on multiple trips together. By following th e same old routine we begin to bore those around us and even ourselves. I guess I never really understood why it was such a big deal that every minute missed was never coming back to us. Your minutes are the only thing on this earth that theres a limited amount of.We tend to take death pretty hard and question why they had to go at such a young age. But maybe were doing it all wrong and should be remembering the great things that person accomplished and what they left us with. If youre looking for a happy ending and cant seem to find one, maybe its time to remember the great things. When I look back at my life I can see how perfect all has been for me to be right where I am today. And Im sure that goes to for many of us here. Life is a mystery blossom out every moment (metaphor). Some of the strongest people out there are the ones who laugh the hardest with a genuine smile and have gone through the hardest of hardships.

The Nature, Scope and Methods of Economics Essay Example for Free

The Nature, Scope and Methods of political economy EssayMost introductory textbooks of Economics begin by asking the question What is Economics approximately? Although Economics is a vast subject and precise definitions are usually complex and controversial, it is not a difficult matter to give a simple and sensible answer to this basic question. Economics is essentially a subject field of the ways in which multitude provide for their well-being. Economists are concerned with the read of human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have ersatz uses (Lionel Robbins). Economics can be divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the submit of individual markets. (A market is an arrangement which links procureers and sellers. ) For instance, an economist may study the market for compact discs. This will direct looking at the decisions and behavior of people who buy compact discs, the firms that sell the compact discs and any oth er groups which influence the price and avail baron of compact discs, such as the government While macroeconomics is the study of the whole economy.It includes, for example, the study of the nature, causes, consequences of unemployment, inflation, economic growth and international trade and government policy.Economics, both macro- and microeconomics, is about the satisfaction of urgencys. It is necessary to be quite clear about this it is peoples wants rather than their needs which provide the motive for economic activity. People go to work in order to obtain an income which will buy them the things they want rather than the things they need.It is not possible to define need in terms of any particular quantity of a product, because this would imply that a accepted level of consumption is right for an individual. Economists tend to avoid this kind of value judgment which tries to specify how much people ought to consume. It is assumed that individuals wish to enjoy as much well-bei ng as possible, and if their consumption of food, clothing, entertainment and other goods and services is less than the amount required to give them complete satisfaction they will want more of them.Resources are scarce when they are insufficient to repay peoples wants. Scarcity is a relative concept. It relates the extent of peoples wants to their ability to satisfy those wants. Neither peoples wants nor their ability to produce goods and services are constant. Most countries productive potential is increasing but so is the relish of their citizens for goods and services. When a certain living standard is reached, people strive for even better living conditions.A good example of this is health care. As checkup science and technology advances, people expect more ailments to be treated. So scarcity is a feature of all societies from the poorest to the most affluent. CHOICE- The resources available to satisfy peoples wants are, at anytime, moderate in supply. As most people cannot have all the goods and services they want, they have to make choices. With no swot up in income, if someone wants to buy, for instance, a new coat they may have to spend less on eating out for a while.Similarly with limited resources, if a country wishes to devote more resources to health care it will have to reduce the resources it devotes to, for example, education. In considering scarcity and choice economists make use of prospect cost. This is a very important concept in economics. It makes clear the true resource cost of any economic decision. For instance, building a new infirmary may mean that the construction of a stretch of motorway has to be postponed.So chance cost is the cost in terms of the best alternative forgone. For example, if a person buys a watch it may cost ? 50 but what is more significant is what has to be given up to make the purchase. This may be the opportunity to purchase a pair of shoes or the opportunity to have extra leisure instead of working to ea rn the. In the case of the vast majority of goods and services, resources have to be used in order to produce them.For example, to provide health care requires the use of labor in the form of doctors and nurses, land on which the hospital is built and capital in the form of beds, operating tables, dialysis machines and other equipment. So the production of most goods and services involves an opportunity cost the resources employed could be put to other uses. These products are called economic goods. However there are a few goods which do not involve an opportunity cost, for example sea water and sunshine. This is because they do not require resources to produce them they are in existence naturally. These products are known as let go goods.

A Midsummer Nights Dream Drama Essay

A Midsummer Nights Dream Drama EssayA prime to consider before bringing the individual character adaptations into adjoin is how to contextualise the performances within the text as a whole. In other words, the characters atomic number 18 not reciprocally exclusive entities, rather, they atomic number 18 interactive and woven into the landscape of the tactic. Therefore, I would alike to propose a general out draw in for the overall performance.There are umteen ways to perform A Midsummer Nights Dream, and the way I choose pull up stakes affect elements of the characters. There guide been many performances of Shakespearean drama, where the play is brought into the new-fashi wizardd day. I however, would like to perform the play in its classic setting. I would like the play to retain its twinklehaic time setting. It is a rattling self-reflexive play it is a play about staging a play. This high readables the idea of drama at its root the reheasrsal and work that goes into a play.I would like to leave the play in an olden day setting because it consolidates the idea of drama being detached from life by means of its artifice, and the play being set in a by-gone era further consolidates the idea of detaching drama from everyday life.(a) The first character I would like to look at is Lysander. He refuses to yield to Demetriuss demand for Hermias muckle, and risks the choler of Theseus by eloping with Hermia. This demonstrates not solitary(prenominal) the judiciousness of his feeling for Hermia, but also his conviction in his own beliefs, and the courage to carry out these beliefs.The comic arc of Lysanders performance hits its climax after Puck has sprinkled the love potion into his eyes and he falls in love with capital of Montana. I would perform the character with some magnification at this point, in order to canalise the comic element of the text to the audience. The idea of Lysander challenging Demetrius to a duel in order to win Helenas h and is an example of the excessive behaviour and heightened action that brings much of the comedy into the play.It is a humour that comes from the reversal of the natural order Helena has gone from being desperately in love with Demetrius and being scorned by him to being the object of both mens affection, for example.This reversal in the behaviour of Lysander is something Id like to highlight in performance. I think a change in conduct, and in verbal qualities could highlight this. At the spring of the play, Lysander is portrayed as a romantic hero. I would need this to the audience through his appearance ideally, the role would be filled by a tall, handsome man. I would like him to come in a clothes of light material symbolising the innocence of the confessedly lovers (Hermias description of themselves).As I would like to keep the play true to its chromatic origins, I would like Lysander to wear a type of Athenean costume, which he could change when he enters the wood. I would like all the characters to change their costumes when they enter the forest, to represent the immense change in their environment. I would like him to don a more earthy, swarthy coloured robe, such(prenominal) as green, to convey the pastoral environment to the audience.I would like to focus on how the character of Lysander should be performed during the sequence in which he challenges Demetrius to a duel. The interpretation that I would like to convey to the audience is one of escalating absurdity, which contributes to humour. This would be done through the props, throw overboardy, vocal quality, paralinguistic features and a demonstration of how Lysander relates to Demetrius in this sectionLysanderHelen, I love thee. By my life I do.I swear by that which I will lose for theeTo attempt him false that says I love thee not.DemetriusI say I love thee more than he can do.LysanderIf thou say so, withdraw, and prove it too. (Scene III, set II, lines 251-256)There is a strong sen se of rhythm in these lines, and also rhyme, which contribute to the tension and sense of heightened action. I would like the actor to highlight the rhythm in his delivery.I would like Lysander to adopt a masculine stance, and to circle Dimitrius, expanding his movement around the stage, owning the stage, as it were, using the entire stage to convey to the audience that he feels he owns the position, as he prowls around it.DemetriusA character trait that emerges from the text is the point where he tells the infatuated Helena that when he says, Tempt not too much the hatred of my spirit/For I am sick when I do look on thee. (Scene II Act I, lines 211-212). This utterance evokes a sense of his cruel nature, a pejorative view of Demetrius which is further consolidated when we examine the first first scene of the first act. When Lysander and Hermia are told that they cannot marry, Demetruis tells them they should let him have his accepted right. (Scene I Act I line 92).There is subseq uently a huge change in Demetruis when he falls back in love with Helena at the end of the play. This is indicative of a softening of his character a change which I feel should be represented visually in performance.In order to convey Demetruiss somewhat cruel, righteous nature to the audience, I think the actor should appropriate a certain port. Body actors line could be used to demonstrate his confident, cocky side. For example, he could strut, use large gestures and also make use of all of the stage space exercising his self imposed right to the stage space in the same way that he wants to exercise his right to Hermias hand.I would like his costume to be dark colours such as a rich red and flamboyant design, to contrast with Lysanders. The vocal qualities should also demonstrate these traits. He only has two lines in scene I, act one, so it is very important how these are represented, as they will be the first impression the audience have of him.Demetriuss lines areRelent, sweet Hermia and, Lysander, yieldThy crazed title to my certain right. (Scene I, Act I, lines 91-92)The way in which this line is performed is very important. As the tormented lovers, the audience feels very strongly for Hermia and Lysander, to whom the presence of Demetrius is an invasive one. I would therefore also like to convey to the audience this sense of invasion. When Demetrius says, Relent, sweet Hermia I would like him to walk up to Hermia, and put his arm around her, caressing her with his other hand, turning them both away from Lysander. When he speaks to Lysander, Demetrius should keep his back to Lysander, but turn his head to give him, so that his line is like an aside, as if he does not respect him.The words crazed title should be accompanied by paralinguistic features, such as an outstretching arm to convey to the audience how much Demetrius does not want Lysander and Hermia to marry. Finally, the word my should be over emphasized to convey that Demetrius strongly feels that Hermia should be his, whether she loves him or not, because of the wishes of her father.His character, and oddly his behaviour towards Helana changes at the end of the play. Whilst in the earlier stages of the play, he is confident, using large gestures and a lot of stage space, at the end of the play, I would like him to express a more tender side to the audience, to convey the development of his characterThat we are awake? It seems to meThat yet we sleep, we dream. Do not you thinkThe duke was here, and conjure up us follow him? (Scene IV, Act I, lines 192-194)This line should be used to convey character development to the audience as it contrasts so strongly with his opening line the use of you in contrast to my for example. There is also a confusion in this utterance, which contrast with the confidence in the first lines.HelenaAt the beginning of the play, Helena is portrayed as hapless the scorned lover who has been wooed by Demetrius and then ignored in favour o f Hermia. However, like Demetrius, Helena demonstrates a long character development and transformation. Like Lysander, the arc of her character trajectory reaches its crescendo after Puck has sprinkled the love potion in Lysander and Demetriuss eyes.When they both try to woo her, she feels they are mocking her, and gets angry. To best convey the transformation in her character between before and after the love potion has been dispensed, Id like to consider how vocal quality and demeanor can be used in two of her utterancesCall you me fair? That fair again unsay.Demetrius loves your fair. O happy fairSickness is catching. O, were favour so,Yours would I catch, fair Hermia, ere I go.O, teach me how you look, and with what artYou sway the motion of Demetrius stub. (Scene I, Act I, lines 181-194)This except is from a long dialect in which Helena proceeds to honor the virtues of Hermia, with whom Demetrius is infatuated. The key message I would like to convey to the audience from thi s speech is the idea that Helena is confused, upset and slightly jealous of Hermia. She is request Hermia how she won the heart of Demetrius. In order to convey this dejection to the audience, I think the delivery of this speech should involve some rhetoric while Helena is asking Hermia how she wooed him, and grammatical construction how fair Hermia is, my interpretation of this speech is that it is a melancholy meditation on the loss of her love.She is not looking for external answers, rather internal answers, and so it is questions she is asking herself. This could be expressed to the audience by the character of Helena distancing her self physically from the group this would be a visual symbol of her isolation. Her demeanor and tree trunk language would be hunched and dejected, and her voice subdued and hushedThe other speech that is a seminal moment in the performance of Helen is when she feels she is being mocked by the two men, and gets angry. Clearly her relationship with Demetrius is changed when he falls in love with her. While she may be unaware of it, the hierarchy of the relationship has been overturned, and she has now select a position of agency. In her speech, she saysO spite O hell I see you are all bentTo set against me for your merriment.If you were civil and knew ingenuityYou would not do me thus much injury. (Scene III, Act II, lines 145-148)This speech can be used to great effect to demonstrate the performance possibilities of this role. The demeanor and vocal qualities performing this speech would require differ hugely to the earlier one with a louder voice, delivery directed at the other characters and inflated body language required.HermiaHermia is represented in the play as a strong, defiant young woman, prepared to take risks in order to fulfil her own desires. This is exemplified in her refusal to state down to her fathers wish that she marry Demetrius. In the face of a death sentence, or life in a nunnery, she escapes with Lysander into the forest. Lysanders love for Hermia, along with Demetriuss desire, demonstrate that she is an engaging and desirable young woman.These are two important points Id like to consider when constructing the performance of Hermia. I would like to convey to the audience her inner strength and determination, alongside her physical attractiveness.The notion of physical attractiveness could be conveyed primarily through costume and appearance. As Hermia is clearly a woman of considerable charm (illustrated when Helena asks her what charm she used to capture Demetruiss heart), her costume should reflect this. As it is believed that she unwittingly won over Demetrius (this is an ambiguity in the text it is possible that Demetrius loves her because her father is so impressed by him) I would also like to impress upon the audience a sense of naivete and innocence.The obvious symbolic colour of this is white. White would also look striking under the stage lights. I would use floa ty fabrics for the costumes, such as organza, to communicate the ethereal quality of not only Hermia herself, but also the forest, and the magic contained within it. When Hermia leaves Athens and escapes to the forest, I would like her to adopt a robe over her dress, of green, to convey to the audience, through her change in costume, that a change is impending in the play.While the charm and beauty of the character of Hermia will be communicated visually, the inner strength and courage that I interpret as being key elements of her character, will be communicated through her demeanor. It is commonly understood in the study of body language that confident people stand up straight, unlike shy people, who hunch up, in a subconscious decision to take up less space. In this way, stage space becomes an important index number of personality.I have mentioned before that I would, at certain points in the text like characters to use the whole space of the stage to convey a sense of confidence . I would like the performance of Hermia to adopt a comfortable use of the entire stage space.More specifically, I would like to refer to one speech that I feel is very important in the text, in Scene I, Act I, when Hermia is talking to Theseus with regards to her desire to marry LysanderSo will I grow, so live, so die, my lord,Ere I will yield my virgin patent upUnto his lordship whose unwished yokeMy soul consents not to give soveregnity. (Scene I, Act I, lines 79-82)This speech is an important point at the text because Hermia makes clear her intentions to avoid marriage to Demetrius. It is a very dramatic, sensitive piece. This speech should be delivered with intensity, to convey to the audience the depth of Hermias feelings for Lysander. The performance should include some paralinguistic features such as moving around the stage, facial expressions and hand movements to express her feelings visually.TheseusMy understanding of Theseus is that he is a very obscure character there is conflicting evidence in the text as to his true nature. There is one utterance in the text that brings up questions regarding his true nature, when he is talking to Hippolyta and he says thatHippolyta, I wooed thee with my sword,And won thy love doing thee injuriesBut I will wed thee in another key (Scene I, Act I, lines 16-18)My interpretation of this line is that Theseus raped Hippolyta. The implications of this in terms of how the character should be performed are vast. In much of the text, Theseus is represented as a pensive, thoughtful man. He brotherly advises Hermia to Take time to pause (Scene I, Act I, line 83) when discussing the situation with her father Egeus. This scene presents him as rational and kindly.The suggestion of rape in line 16 makes the line highly important, the suggestion I would like to convey to the audience is the idea that Theseus is warning Hippolyta. In bringing the issue of the rape to the forefront, he is reminding her of the power balance in their relationship. There is also possibly some penitence in this admission. This could be communicated to the audience through the use of certain vocal qualities, demeanor and stage space.Back to Example EssaysI would like Theseuss sense of power to be conveyed to the audience in a visual way, so he would deliver this speech standing, and walking around, whilst the character of Hippolyta would be sitting down. The discrepancy in their heights would be a visual representation of the hierarchy, which would further consolidate what Theseus was saying. This is such a patriarchal power play that props could be used to represent a sense of phallocentricity such as a sceptre a regal and phallic symbol.The use of this prop could convey to the audience my interpretation of Theseus as being the patriarchal and dominant force in the opening of the play. His realm is run on a set of rigid rules for example, Egeus invoking the ancient law of Athens as Hermia wants to marry Lysander. This is in stark contrast to the forest the mysterious, female arena which is the binary opposite of Athens.In terms of demeanor, Theseus should be calm, and considered in his movements. I would like his costume to be of dark colours, and of neat, clean lines. This operates in contrast to Hermias costume the white of her costume is a symbol of innocence while the dark of Theseuss costume is aligned with the dark side he hints at in this speech.

Analysis of Brand Loyalty in Chinas Cosmetic Market

Analysis of Brand Loyalty in chinaw ars augmentative Market1.0 What is enhancive commercialize?Cosmetic be not strange to everyone, even though some people dont use them. They definitely hear close to them. Cosmetics were invented in thousands years ago. When enhancives were introduced, they were ingested as exclusive things apply by female. In those times, just few kinds of ornamentals existed. Some people believe augmentatives be restrain by some sorts much(prenominal) as perfume, makeup. Actu altogethery, ornamentals come in many forms. Except for perfume and makeup, they comprise of shampoo, soap, freshetion and others. Cosmetics are used to care for and clean people body, maintain people in a well condition and enhance people beauty (Kumar et al., 2006). For instance, the goal of sun protection is to keep out UV and reduce the risk of acquiring skin cancer.In the past, men used cosmetics to dress up would be treated effeminate. Certainly, people didnt hear a bout mens cosmetic advertising. Nowadays, the reality has gradu whollyy changed. The cosmetics pose not been the patent of women. Men and kids join in group of using cosmetics. The reckon is increasingly growing up. Este Lauder as the first womens cosmetic companies tried to enter the male cosmetic market in 1964. After 1year trial, it came out with Aramis and an entire transmission line for mens skin. (Alpern) In cosmetic market, thousands of cosmetics for men and kid are available. In past ten year, cosmetic companies launched some products that were suitable for both men and women. As men customers increase, companies start to launch new product line for men. Exclusive perfume and cleansing foam were designed for men. In order to target these rising potential customers, many cosmetic companies invest a lot on advertising through TV, beauty magazine and others. The aim of the advertisement is to convey the idea that cosmetics are not girly products. Some big cosmetic companie s hold illustrious actors or sportsmen to promote products through positive imagery. It lets men believe that using cosmetics is very normal. (Souiden and Diagne, 2009)The cosmetic industry is one of the closely competitive industries all all over the world because to a greater extent than 300 cosmetic markings exist in the market. Most of these companies utilize great number of resource in Research and schooling to launch new products every year in order to meet ever-changing customers need and demand. Innovation is fundamental to survival and achiever of cosmetic companies. (Kumar et al., 2006) To duty tour vantage point during fierce competition, cosmetic companies should create value to customers.The World top ten cosmetic companies are Maybellline accounting for 7.4% market share, Avon (5.4%), LOral genus Paris (5.3%), Lancme (4%), Clinique ( 3.6%), Revlon (3.3%), Este Lauder (2.9%), Max Factor ( 2.8%), Cover Girl (2.7%) and Shiseido (2.2%) (Ejiofor, 2006). All of them trance about 40% of the market share.1.1 overview of cosmetic market in chinaware china is the countries with the largest population in the world it makes up one-fifth of the worlds population. The population growth rate of China is 0.629% in 2008 with a current average breeding forestallancy of 73.18. Men let 51.8% of the total population whereas women possess 48.2%. (Nancy E, 2008) Chinese paying more attention to beauty can date back to ancientry. It has already deeply rooted in Chinese culture. In Chinese poetry and art, beauty has al looks been extol (Newham, 2006) in the first place the reform and open door insurance policy were implemented, China economy was very not good. Most of income of Chinese was spent on food, back breaker and house. They didnt drop extra notes to buy cosmetics. Through tight-laced economy policies are carried out by Chinese government, economy is booming is China and people living standard is increasingly improved. People have more disposal income to spend on beauty. More and more people absorb beauty information from different sources. Some of them become beauty headmaster. They believe expense money on beauty as a valuable investment. Attractive appearance and figure will assist them to get benefits in career and maskionate life, because everyone loves beauty. (World Wide Watch China)In order to join World Trade Organization (WTO), Chinese government reduced importation tariffs. Due to reduction of import tariffs, cosmetics import was increased 160% from 1996% to 2001. (Li,2003) Since 2001 China has entered WTO, it permitd a good opportunity for foreign cosmetic companies to access China market. For these companies, China is a big emerging market collectable to the largest population. In saturation market such as Europe, cosmetic companies are difficult to boost their sales. Many foreign companies joint chance with domestic manufacturers through advanced technology along with products and huge capital and se t up plants in coastal regions such Guangdong province and shanghai in China. Top twenty cosmetic instigants have flowed in China cosmetic market. (Asia Consulting) On the other hand, regarding to domestic manufactures, they also gain benefits. For example, advanced technology assists to powerfully reduce production costs and improve product quality as well.Strong economic growth in China shock people all over the world, but cosmetic market in China is growing faster than Chinas economy. According to Chinas National Fragrance and Flavor industry Association, cosmetic sales in China have increased by 16.6% to $4.2 billion in year 2001. In year 2004, the sales jumped to 85 billion yuan. China is considered as the second largest cosmetics market in Asia, and ranks no.8 worldwide. Cosmetic spending was 1yuan during the early 1980s, but spending dramatically went to 25 yuan in year 2000. Even in big famous cities Shanghai, Beijing, the annual average spending on cosmetics was among 150-180 yuan (LIFUNG Research Centre, 2005) Compare extendment of cosmetic market among Asia, growth rate of cosmetic market is significantly faster than other countries and regions. (Figure 1). Even around the world, this kind of growth rate is fantastic. Hence, China is the market cosmetic companies will never pay up up. China is one of the most grave countries for our overseas business operations it is a huge market backed by a population of about 1.3 billion about 10 times Japans population. (Tadakatsu Saito, Director of Shiseido)Consumption tax introduced by the State Administration of Taxation gave benefits to domestic cosmetic companies develop. 11 categories of goods such cigarette, car are subject to consumption. The aim of consumption tax is to narrow the income up. The widening gap currently became serious social problem in China. High-end cosmetic is subject to 30% consumption tax, for basic cosmetic is subject to 0%. (Fang, 2005) Actually, most of foreign blots are considered as luxury. For domestic cosmetic companies, they can provide competitive terms to customers. In areas with lower income, it may be more attractive customers than foreign give aways.Competition of China cosmetic market is very zealous because more than 300 mails exist. However, target markets of domestic and foreign defacements may be different. For example, customers in large cities with a spicyer level of disposal income have a preference for famous trademarks from foreign countries. Outsides the metropolitan area, however, many customers are purchasing products produced by local companies. In 1980s, there were more or less 40 cosmetic brands available in China cosmetic market. These brands only offer limited products such as Shampoo, lipstick. Cosmetics like perfume were used by few people. However, currently more than 300 brands can be found in market In respect of types, skin-care products account for 35% of total cosmetic output, hair-care products possess 28 %, make-up products perfumes are 29% and 28% respectively (Figure 2)In earlier of 1990s, the regulations on Cosmetics in China were very imperfect so that China cosmetic market was jumbled. A huge number of s midpoint cosmetic enterprises raid the market healthy development ( Li et al., 2004). Regulations on Cosmetics Hygiene oversight are the basic laws and regulations on cosmetics that were enacted by Ministry of Health on November 13, 1989 and put into effect of January 1, 1990. They include general provisions of cosmetics, hygiene supervision over cosmetic manufacture, hygiene supervision over cosmetics distribution, the organ for Hygiene supervision over cosmetics and its duties, penalties and supplementary provisions. For instance, cosmetic ingredients must abide by standards set by Regulations on Cosmetics Hygiene Supervision. Besides, with regard to labeling, the regulations set d birth provisions. On the label of cosmetics, the name of the product, the name of the producer and the serial number of the hygiene license for the producer should be clearly stated. Lots of false advertisements existed in the past exaggerate the effectiveness of the products to misguide customers. Regulations ban false and misleading statements in advertisements (Regulations Concerning the Hygiene Supervision Over Cosmetics) On the other hand, the related authority actively attacks false advertisements. As rapidly development of cosmetics, regulations gradually become complete. China cosmetic market is standardisation and is brought in line with international practice. Complete regulations guarantee sound development cosmetic market. More and more cosmetic manufacturers have corporate social state consciously comply with regulations.With rapid China cosmetic market development, cosmetic distribution conduct are diversified. Different kinds of modern retail distribution channel swarm into market. In the past, Chinese customers bought cosmetics through supermarkets and hy permarkets. Most of cosmetics they purchase were basic cosmetics such soap, shampoo. In that time, scarce premium cosmetic brands were in the market cod to laid-back tariff. Accounting to beauty retailing China 2005, 80% of cosmetics and toiletry sales were completed through hypermarkets and supermarket. Except for supermarket and hypermarket, department store is the other major(ip) channel that is very popular among Chinese customers. (Pitman, 2005). In China, cosmetic companies open oddity counters on the first and second floors of department store. These counters forming cosmetic area are convenient for customers. Not every cosmetic brand is able to own specialty counters. The premise is that the brand should have a wide range of products and characteristic brand name and images. Therefore, customers believe cosmetics sold in department store have reliable quality and can be safely used. Nowadays, various channels including Pharmacy chains, specialty stores professional store s exist in the market. Specialty stores provide professional services and full range of products of a particular cosmetic brand. Actually, specialty stores in China are owned by former cosmetic direct selling companies such as DHC. Because direct selling business mildew is generally prohibited by China government unless license is given by China government. Avon as a leading direct selling cosmetic company was successfully granted direct selling license in year 2008. Its also the company obtaining first direct selling license in China. For most of companies, specialty stores as the effective way for them to adjust their business models (LIFung research center, 2005)Rapid development of China cosmetic industry has went on over the last two decades. Cosmetics become the fifth largest consumption products by Chinese customers. This market stable has a great room to develop and is far way saturation. There are two main reasons. On one hand, China has a population of 1.3 billion so tha t it has a large potential customer. China government has committed itself to develop the middle and westerly part of China to balance the economic gap between east and west China. The grand western development program is in process. The purchasing power of west China will become strong in future. On the other hand, the current capita annual spending on cosmetic of Chinese customers is solace far below that of developed countries. Capita annual spending on cosmetic of Denmark and Sweden has reached 171 (Global Insight, 2007) China economy is still booming so that people living standards will increasingly improve. Customers will spend more money on cosmetics. For cosmetic companies, China is expected as a market with enormous business opportunities. (LIFung research center, 2005)1.2 Why choose Shanghai?Shanghai has the worlds fastest growing economy. The population of Shanghai is about 16 million, financial income is more than RMB 6 billion, GDP Per Capita is RMB 37,382 and average annual people salary is about 21,781 in financial year 2001. (Zhao, 2005). Shanghai is the biggest commercial metropolis in China GDP has continuously grown up in past 13 years. In year 2004, GDP growth rate has achieved 13.6% (Wu and Delong, 2006). Shanghai alone accounts for a large proportion of the target markets for cosmetics. Eastern coastal region is critical to the whole Chinas cosmetic retail sector. At present, total cosmetic retail sales of Shanghai, Beijing, Jiangsu province, Guangdong province, Zhejiang province and Shandong province is up to 55% of nation cosmetic retail sales. Among them, Shanghai accounting for 12% ranks first, followed by Beijing, Jiangsu province. ( HKTDCs China cosmetic market report, 2008). Shanghai is just a city compared to one whole province cosmetic sales of it are still higher than that of province. It proves that cosmetic used by Shanghai people is really popular.Furthermore, Shanghai is viewed as fashion capital in China. In Asia, its sta tus has gradually been enhanced. It plays a key post on leading fashion in Asia. Many people believe Shanghai is The Paris of the East. Everything managing peoples appearance and figure are considered as fashion process. Hence, expect for apparel, cosmetic, jewelry and others are parts of fashion people pursue. Cosmetic are used to enhance peoples beauty, exhibit their personality and aesthetic preference. (Guthrie et al., 2008). Customers from other cities and province may imitate how Shanghai customers make up, which seventh cranial nerve nerve thresh brands they use.Another main reason of choosing Shanghai is that mostly cosmetic brands no matter international brands or domestic brands can be found in Shanghai cosmetic market. According to the Shanghai Commercial Information Center, Shanghai is not only a place of using cosmetics, but also a major place producing cosmetics. Except for domestic manufacturers, many foreign cosmetic companies set up plants in Shanghai. Shanghai has a sound production environment. Most of suppliers, manufacturers are located nearly in industrial area so that it facilitates communication and assists to reduce transportation costs. (HKTDC, 2002)As the economic and financial center of China, Shanghai as locations of this study is consumeed. The findings of this study can give an overall beneathstanding of brand trueheartedty of Chinese customers in cosmetic market. Shanghai may be more representative in contrast other areas, because a huge number of people in Shanghai are from different cites and areas of China. Hence, it ensures doents of this study have different background.1.3 Why select facial rake?For this research I select facial cream among thousands upon thousands cosmetics. The reason is that facial cream is one of the popular cosmetics in China market and also has large market potential. By contrast, cosmetics like shampoo, soap have already reached saturation because growth rate is very slow (HKTDC, 2002). Acco rding to figure 1, skincare products account for around 35% of cosmetics market share and still are the main stream of cosmetic consumption. At the same time, skincare products are the one with bigger market potential and highest profit in cosmetics market. In the skincare segment, facial care is the largest product category consumed by Chinese customers in China .Facial care includes facial cream, facial cleanser, toners, masks and sun protection. Facial cream can be categorized into moisturizer, whitening cream, anti-ageing cream, nourisher and others depending on its function. Moisturizer and nourisher already constitute nearly 71% of facial care market share (Fukuda, 2004). These cream are sold well in China because of dry weather. On the other hand, the whitening cream in China is supposed to be prevalent due to Chinas culture. White skin is one standard characteristic of the Chinese concept of beauty. Chinese proverb say Yi Bai Zhe San Chou. It means white can offset deuce-a ce uglity. Skin tone is very important viewed by Chinese. Even though healthy skin is popular all over the way, Chinese people are eager for white skin. (The China observer)The demand of facial cream is expected stably growing. Purchase rate and usage rate of these are relatively high in contrast with other products. Therefore, target population may easier to be accessed.1.4 Problem definitionThe goal of business is to make as much money as possible. Brand committal grants a great number of advantages to companies for them to achieve goal. It prevents companies from competition imitation and maintains business stability. On the other side, it gives customers confidence to shop in a complex market. Because customers need not go through decision process to decide which brand should purchase. (Tepeci, 1999). Companies are able to charge higher price to loyal customers to maximize their profitability. Actually loyal customers are less likely to shanghai by price increase. (Kumar, 2002 ) Furthermore, companies enable to save funds on onward motion and acquisition costs to attract customers. Customers are loyal toward brands will make repeat purchase in the future and make recommendation to their relatives and friends. It provides efficient and effective way for companies to increase their sales. Hence, establishing brand loyalty is the sustainable advantage which will build the constant flow of customers, continuous profits for companies, finally get a line success of companies. (Coggins, 2009)As Chinas economy roars ahead, lots of cosmetic companies have entered China cosmetic market in order to seize this attracting market share. One of fundamental reasons is that most of these companies are difficult to increase sales in mature regions such as Western Europe and America. On the contrary, in emerging market, a number of potential customers companies will target. However, in accordance to China market research group (CMR), many marketing executives complain br and loyalty cannot be build among Chinese customers. (Rein, 2007) Importance of brand loyalty should not be ignored. Because it lacks brand loyalty, consumers are readily to switch to competitors products. Cosmetic markers realize significance of brand loyalty. When lively customers are not properly retained, new customers must be continuously induced. Hence, companies are supposed to invest huge amounts of advertising, promotion activities, and sales costs to seize new customers. For example, companies have to carry out sale promotion to induce trial and enhance their brand name as well. The expenditure of capturing new customers is roughly six to ten times what spends on retaining current customers. ( Pogol, 2007)Furthermore, brand loyal customers are less likely to switch to other brands by price allure. Since they consider brand they are loyal towards possess unique value that other brands cannot replace. (Tepeci,1999) Due to meet customers need, companies are able to keep pr ice at high among fierce competition. It reduces threat of price wars for companies. In China, companies lack brand loyalty is really in danger. Imitation is very rampant in many industries of China. Cosmetic market is no exception. Imitator usually set quite low price to draw customers.Moreover, customer spending tends to increase over time. For example, customers who are loyal to facial cream of particular brand are highly likely to try other product lines or new products of the same brand. It provides a impregnable foundation to companies for new product launch and reduces new product failure risk as well. Thus companies are able to increase sales.Importance of brand loyalty have already recognized by marketer and researches. A number of studies were conducted in this area. Why dont cosmetic companies to create customer brand loyalty? Cosmetic companies cannot implement appropriate strategies to contribute brand loyalty. Because cosmetic markers dont have clear understanding of which factors play important role on affecting brand loyalty in cosmetic market. They didnt make effort in right areas. Even many researches are about significance of brand loyalty, few of them studies on factors creating brand loyalty. Therefore, cosmetic marketers cannot obtain sufficient information to implement appropriate marketing strategies to build brand loyalty.1.5 Research questionsDo any factors significantly affect brand loyalty in cosmetic industry?What is current brand loyalty level in cosmetic industry?Which cosmetic brand possesses the highest brand loyalty level?1.6 Research objectivesThe objective of this research is twofold. On one hand, the objective is to investigate main factors affecting brand loyalty in cosmetic market. On the other hand, it identifies current brand loyalty level of cosmetic industry in Shanghai. It can be treated as a bench mark for cosmetic companies to compare their own brand loyalty level with overall brand loyalty level to determine thei r positions in industry. At the same time, the brand with the highest brand loyalty level is able to be identified.1.7 Significance of studyThis study will be a significant endeavor in determine main factors contributing to brand loyalty in cosmetic industry. By understanding major elements affecting brand loyalty, cosmetic companies are able to develop their appropriate strategies to enhance brand loyalty to gain competitive advantages in fierce competition.This study will also assist cosmetic companies to utilize limited resources to target areas such as marketing research and development (RD) where critical affect brand loyalty in cosmetic market.Moreover, this research will provide directions for cosmetic companies to set down their human resource policies including recruitment, training, reward and promotion. For example, companies implement training programs so that employees are able to serve customer better.CHAPTER THREE methodology3.0 IntroductionThis chapter illustrates an in-depth description of the research methods used to implement this research. In this part, source of info, sampling techniques and research instruments are explained. This chapter is very important because it highlights adopted models and methods utilized to state the research questions.3.1 Source of DataThere are two main methods available for entropy collection, the primary and secondary data collection methods. The primary data consisted of data self-contained by the researcher to ensure validity and reliability. Apart from conducting primary research, this study based its analysis on existing data from professional organizations such as HKTDC as supplements by published materials.This is because these organizations do extensive work in the relevant areas of this research.3.1.1 Primary dataThis research uses quantitative data in the form of questionnaires. The quantitative data in form of questionnaires consist of close and open ended questions and also questions based on L ikert-scales. The questionnaires cover all relevant areas needed for the research such customer demographic, main factors affecting brand loyalty of facial cream. Questionnaire is selected as a quantitative method for stash away data because according to Oppenheim (1972) Questionnaires are not merely just forms to be filled up, but also are scientific instruments for collecting and measurement of data. underdeveloped a research questionnaire is a bottom up process. Beside of questionnaire, a pilot study using interviews is conducted with 40 customers who are shopping in shopping mall. Before they are interviewed, they are asked do they use facial cream. Only users are selected to do interviews. The aim of this pilot study is to develop the questionnaire for this research. According to the respondents, factors influencing brand loyalty of facial cream comprise of product quality, store environment, brand name and service quality. Besides, the nature of service quality dimensions dir ectly relate to the industry under analysis. Information collected shows that salespersons professional knowledge, appearance (beauty) and responsiveness are more importance to customers to chance on whether the service provided is excellent or not that will affect their brand loyalty toward cosmetics. The information gathered from this pilot study implys that Olay (PG), Dabao, Avon , LOreal Ponds(Uniliver) are familiar facial cream brands. Furthermore, they also state brands like Shiseido, LOreal, Lancome and Olay (PG) are famous cosmetic brands. Moreover, respondents state they usually purchase facial cream around two to three month one time based on their own experience. Therefore these data collected are used to address specific research problems in this study.3.1.2 Secondary DataThis refers to data that have been already collected and analyzed by other people. The main purpose of retrieving these data is to find a basis for the research and acknowledge the work of experts who had contributed to the pertinent literature on the subject matter. This study bases its analysis on existing data from professional organizations (e.g. HKTDC) that do extensive work in the areas of China cosmetic industry and brand loyalty in China. It provides information about overall development of China cosmetic market. Furthermore, it identifies which kind of cosmetics is usually used by Chinese customers. Hence, Im able to select object to conduct this study. Other secondary data sources used are journals, articles, dissertations, newspapers and textbooks. Journal articles help to identify relevant variables and develop theoretical framework.3.2 MethodA self-administered questionnaire is directly distributed to 200 customers aged from 20 -50 years old. Sample size 200 should be suitable for exploratory study. The questionnaire is originally written in childlike Chinese and then translated into English. According to national statistics, customers who are 20-50 years old are t he largest group of cosmetic consumption in China. They account for around 76% of cosmetic consumption of whole rude. This age group selected lead that sample can be more representative of the population. The surveys are conducted in Henglong shopping mall and Eastern shopping mall where respectively locate in Nanjing road and Xujiahui road that are the most important commercial centers in Shanghai. Because not only people in downtown come to these two shopping mall, but also a great number of people in suburb and country like to shopping in there. Hence customers from different income groups can be accessed. In order to ensure customers from suburb and country can be targeted, surveys are done in Weekend. Compared to Weekday, proportion of customers from suburb and country on Weekend is higher. Because customers have sufficient time to travel to downtown on Weekend. Furthermore, Most of facial cream brands are available in these two shopping centers. Quota sampling (non-probabilit y sampling) is utilized in this study. Gender is chose as control variable. Number of male is 80, others are female. Since female using facial cream is slightly higher than male. Customers who are visually estimated to be 20 to 54 year old are approached and asked to respond to the questions. To further ensure customers with different income level to be targeted, questionnaires are distributed in supermarket, specialty stores and beauty counters in shopping malls. To ensure only customers using facial cream would be respondents of this research, I politely ask them first to identify whether they are the target population. 100 of them are from Henglong shopping mall, others are from Xujiarui shopping mall. doodad sampling is the less expensive and faster and convenient method. Respondents are accessible, easy to measure and cooperative. The completed questionnaires are used for this research.3.3 QuestionnaireOverall, the questionnaire includes three parts. Firstly, the questionnaire deals with demographic variables of respondents. Variables such as age, education are considered. Second part relates to customer brand loyalty of facial cream, the last part is concerning factors affecting brand loyalty. The structure of the questionnaire is clear, easy to understand, and unsophisticated to ensure that the respondents are able answer the questions with ease.3.3.1 Brand loyaltyIn this research, I use attitudinal measures that are usually based on survey to identify the current brand loyalty level of facial cream in Shanghai. As mentioned above, behavioral measures are more sensitive to short-run fluctuations. The most important limitation of behavioral measures is that they make no distinction between brand loyalty and repeat buying. (Day, 1969). In this questionnaire, brand loyalty is measured on brand preference, switching attitude toward loyal brand and purchase in intention. The open-ended question is used to ask respondents to list out their favorite brands o f facial cream. because five Likert scale question is set down to identify respondents degree of preference. Next part questions examine switching attitude toward the loyal brand. Respondents are asked whether they opinion comfortable when they switch to other brands. Furthermore, other question is relevant to respondents willing to change to other brands. Five-point Likert scale questions are also exercised to indicate respondents degree of promise on each of the statement (1=strongly disagree 5=strongly agree). Regarding to purchase intention, respondents are asked to state how likely are they purchase favorite brands in future. (1=no chance, 5=certain).Target how many female and maleTarget on customers of different income groupIncome based on report ()3.3.2 Factors affecting brand loyaltyFour above mentioned variables (brand name, product quality, store environment and service quality) are measured on a five-point Likert scale using close-ended questions. Two questions are rel evant to brand name, four questions are about product quality, three questions are asked about store environment, while three questions relate to service quality. Respondents indicate the level of agreement with the statements that the best describe their feeling toward their favorite brands, ranging from 1= strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree.

Analysis of Modality in Language

Analysis of modal(a)ity in LanguageStudent V TH THU NGN1. RationaleThe more(prenominal) evolution social is, the more multiform language seek is. There argon many things to read between the lines of the message of words or objurgates when using them for dialogue in the realistic life. Modality is an issue which maybe makes learners to have difficulties in es verbaliseing a language. Besides it is an elicit topic for language researchers. Why is it raise? In this assignment, I would like to put my focus on the sights of mode in language to have the answer for that above question.2. Aims of the studyThe study is aimed atIndentifying specific kinds of musical mode in language, special in EnglishHelp learner to have the general picture in language.3. Scope of the studyBecause of my moderate time and knowledge, I would like to put my focus on modality in languages within common sentences in the real life. I ordain relegate a general introduction ab come forth modality and concentrate on the analysis of the figure sentences in some English sentences which will be comp bed to Vietnamese ones.4. Research methods and data collection4.1. Research designIn this study, the quantitative methods will be utilize to classify and analyze data to find expose the modality in English and Vietnamese sentences. In addition, descriptive method is used to give a diminutive description of modality in English sentences. And finally, comparative method is used to figure reveal some similaraties and differences between English and Vietnamese sentences.4.2. Data CollectionThis research is restricted to language. Data for this research are smooth from different types of sentences taken from the grammar books( in English or Vietnamese) or in the real life. The data is likely to provide a detailed description of how modality is used in different sentences.4. 3 Design of the studyThe study covers the following 5 chaptersChapter 1 Introduction- provides the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research question, the scope of the study and the organization of the study.Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Background- gives literature review and theoretical background where a review of previous studies related to the thesis is carried step up and the theoretical background of the study is provided.Chapter 3 Methodology- describes the methods and procedures of the study. It also deals with the design of the research, data collection, data analysis and the reliability and rigourousness of the study.Chapter 4 Finding and Discussion- presents the findings and discussions, which concentrates on grammar anatomical structure to show two types of modality.Chapter 5 Conclusions and Implications- includes the summary of the major findings of the study and the innuendos for the importee of the sentences which consist of modality.2.1 ModalityThere are some views on modality. It stinkpot be define per centumicularly which based on from which po ints of views people understand the term. check to Frawley and Charles (1992)modality is a semantic phenomenon, articulateing the attitude and state of knowledge approximately a proposition while Bybee (1985)defined as modality is what the loud utterer is doing with the whole proposition and Halliday (1985) presented modality means the verbalisers judgment of the probabilities, the obligations or so on, involving in what he/she is saying.Modality, according to Palmer (1986), is defined as semantic information associated with the speakers attitude or opinion about what is state. He gave the point of the concomitant that modality concerns the factual status of proposition. Besides, it maybe consists of modality Further it is very important to speak of mood only if the attitude of mind is sh suffer in the form of the verb mood thus is a syntactic, non a notional category (Jaspers). In another hand, modality are sorts of a semantic issue because it presents the attitude of the speaker or theory about the fact of status of a proposition however, mood is a grammatical phenomenon within this theory or attitude is showed morphologically. Learners rear see clearly in diametric forms of words in English.According to Searle (1969), in his research he shows a structure of the sides of modality to discuss. For instance, he decorates assertive within terms of the belief of the speaker or commitment to the fact of proposition. He agreed that directives and commissives are related to deontic modality while expressive, assertive and declaratives have the relationship with epistemic modality.There are two views in a common implying when it is said or spoken out from the speaker or writer the propositional content and the non-propositional content which expresses the speaker attitude and opinion toward the content of proposition(Hoa, 2004). The main carriers of modality are a set of auxiliary verbs called modals will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, mu st and ought to. Modality is encoded in various other sorts, overly possibly, probably, have (got) to, need to and be able to. For founts,a. You must apologize. ( obligation)b. You can come in now. (permission)c. Shes not able to see you until Tuesday. (feasibility)2.2 Types of modalityThe different language researchers had attempt to give the ways with the different types of modality in order to arrange them into the different categories. However, this way is only a small group of classification of modalitys meaning without the general partition of the largest meaning of modality.According Nguyen Van Hiep, he provided 3 types of modality in Mt s phm tr tnh thi trong ngn ng alethic, deontic and epistemic which are mentioned by many researchers. However, in some studies, most of researchers told about deontic and epistemic were popular. They section 2 sides subjectivity and non-factuality (Hoa, 2004). So, this study also focuses on these types of modality.EpistemicNguyen Hoa (20 04)indicates the ground level of commitment by the speaker to what he/ she says.It means that Epistemic, which is derived from the Greek word meaning understanding or knowledge, refers to the type of modality that indicates the degree of commitment by the speaker to what he says. Palmer (1986) also suggests that epistemic modality should relate to modal formation to indicate the degree of commitment the extent to which the truth of proposition is possible. We can see this degree in two sentencesJohn may be in the office. here explains foruncertainly/a possible conclusion of speakerin the speculative sentence (a) through using the modal verb may.John must be in the office.In the deductive sentence (b), this degree here is the only possible conclusion of speaker which is showed in the word must.By two examples above, it is not difficult to indicate the degree of the commitment when speaker says. Furthermore, Palmer also provides that epistemic can be described as possibility-based. It is interested in belief, knowledge or truth, etc and consists of no element of with.According to Palmer, thither are two kinds of epistemic commitment such as judgement and evidential. About judgement, the creator relates to possibility and necessity and the judgements appear to be more unverifiable because the commitment comes from the speaker knowledge or belief. We look at two below sentences together. HereShe is likely to be late. (English)C l gi ny tu chy. (Vietnamese)likely and c l are two words used to describe the commitment of speaker. He think that she (a) maybe goes to late and maybe basing on the time the train run away (b). He believes that and that is his thinking in his mind. So, it seems likely more subjective not sure, not exactly for listener.If judgement concerns of subjective, evidential relates to objectively. It is encoded the ground on which a speaker makes an overtly qualified assertion and represents a proposition more objectively.ExThey say the match has been called off.Nghe ni hn b trn.It is clear that speaker has a particular evident to give out his word. By using the third speaker, his word has the higher belief.Therefore, when speaker does not ensure the truth of what he/she says, he often chose one of four to say what he is thinkingWhat speaker surmisesWhat speaker reasonsWhat speaker is reported by anotherWhat speaker is felt by his/ her senseWe can interpret these ideas by using some sentences withI think thatThey say thatIt seemsAs a resultGivn thinks that epistemic modality is built by evident and thinking ability. Here, we can say more about proposition which is not clear because it is used to show a statement which is a current affair, foreground or background. For instance, They say the match has been called off. The math-called off- in the starting time listening, listener perhaps think that there is no subjective in this word. Specially, the speaker does not show any commitments in his word but only gives the pr oblem by evident they say. It seems that subjective modality does not appear here. However, this is also seen a type of commitment because loose the evident is a commitment which has degree-indirect commitment.In short, epistemic modality gives the status of the speaker for the truth what he says which is based on evidences of judgments he takes.DeonticDeontic is also a type of modality which is the dimension of obligation, permission, prohibition, etc.Ex You mustnt do it its against the law. Bnh nhn cn c yn tnh.through and through these examples here, we can see that deontic can be characterized as necessity-based or obligation-based. According to Nguyen Hoa, it is concerned with action at law and contains an element of will. In the sentence, for instance, you mustnt do it its against the law, it wants to say the obligation of the action dont do it is necessary because if you do it, you will break the rules. Obligation and different degree of obligation can be express by other verbs of adjectives as well. In English, speaker can say need to/ ought to/ have to/ should/ can/ must/etc while in Vietnamese, speaker can use bt buc, phi, c th, cn, haYou must complete your homework before you go to school.Con phi lm xong bi tp v nh ri mi c i chi nh.According to Nguyen Hoa, there will have many grammatical types of deontic modality. The first type consists of imperatives and directives where we try to get people to do things. To illustrate, we have seen two examplesEx You ought to leave now.(1) N phi i ng sm. (2)Both of them mean getting listener to do action leave (1) and go to bed (2). Subjects must be compulsory, not deny or postpone the given point.Another type is commissives where commit ourselves to do things which surface as declaratives since they concerned with action.Ex I will give you a hand.(3)Ti has c mt ng gi.(4)These sentences here present the labour of the speaker. However, speaker cannot do the action in the future while (1) and (2) speaker obl igates this action.By explaining the above, epistemic modality is interested in the truth, the belief of knowledge. In contrast, deontic modality is interested in the action. For exampleYou should do your homework.You must do your homework.In these examples, the participants are urges as expressed by the subjects of the sentences, to changing degrees, to form an action.CHAPTER III methodology3.1. RESEARCH DESIGNThe study was given out with the qualitative and quantitative approaches so as to response its aims and objectives. The research design is planned to carry out such important things asDescribing and comparing the collected data for finding out the types of modality.Finding out the showing types of modality through the point of grammar structures in languages.3.2. RESEARCH METHODSIn order to get the aims and objectives of the study, the descriptive and contrastive methods are used in connection with the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The descriptive method describes the types of modality in languages. Besides, the comparative methods is used to find out the similarities as well as the differences in both of types.3.3. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLESIn this study, about some sentences in English and in Vietnamese) were collected from English and Vietnamese from the real life, books.3.4. DATA COLLECTIONTo meet the demands of the aims and objectives, samples of modality in English and Vietnamese were collected. every(prenominal) of these samples were poised from a lot of words on different documental collections.3.5. DATA ANALYSISData analysis is considered to be a very important part to point out the modality consists of the following steps Describing qualitatively and quantitatively the data collected.Using sentences to analyze the linguistic features of modalityComparing and finding out the similarities and differences between the epistemic modality and deontic modality3.6. RESEARCH PROCEDUREThe study procedures were carried out as followsReviewing t he previous studies thoroughly and identifying the research scope.Collecting sentences from the real life, books. plectrum out some sentences explanation in English languages.Comparing and pointing out the similarities and differences in types of modality.3.7. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITYIn terms of reliability, the data are collected from in the circumstances in the real life( ensure about grammar) and collected from the books with the name of author, the time, the place of publication where the quotation comes from. It means that the quality of the data is reliable. Besides, the findings and conclusions in the study are taken from the analysis of frequency of samples and proofs concerned without any prejudices and presuppositions. For this reason, the objectivity of the study is assured.All collected sentences in this thesis could be representative. In addition, the analyses in the study have always been conducted in the light of theoretical background to ensure the quality of the stu dy.3.8. CONCLUDINGIn short, such parts as research design, data collection and data analysis are mentioned in detail in this chapter. Moreover, research procedures as well as reliability and validity are also presented specifically. Thus, the discussion of findings in chapter 4 could be described and compared scientifically thanks to the careful and reasonable preparation of this chapter.CHAPTER 4 FINDING AND intelligenceShowing types of modality in performing sentencesHow do epistemic modality and deontic modality represent in systems of sentence meaning. It is used to form strong expression or to evoke the mind of the words. In contrast, in the term of grammar to create a sentence, there are various different points of grammatical theory. So, this study will present some points of view where modality is shown in grammar system to perform a sentence with complete meaning about epistemic or deontic modality.4.1 in-person modalityAccording to Quirks classification, there is another subcomponent of the interpersonal related to those features involving the speakers own contribution to the representational meaning of the sentence.4.1.1 Form modality markersAccording to Nguyen Hoa, the speaker can participate by offering his comment on the form f what he is saying, defining in some way under what condition he is speaking. For examplesNi thng, c y l ngi ch k. (1)Frankly, Im tired. (2)In these Vietnamese and English sentences, speaker has a personal attitude for a person who both speaker and listener know to give comment (1). In the second example, similarity speaker also shows his own attitude. We can see that epistemic modality in this sentence because it shows the speakers belief with the truth in the sentence.We have modal adverbs to make the form-modality markers frankly, confidentially, generally, honestly, candidly ExPersonally, I dont like your plan.4.1.2 Content-modality markersNguyen Hoa also explains more about this issue. He says that the speaker can give comment on the extent to which he believes that what he is saying is true. For exampleTo our surprise, he arrived home late.(Nguyen Hoa, 2004, p.181)In this example, speaker expresses his attitude on the extent to our surprise to which he is saying. Here only has our it means the limited field in someone (consist of speaker and listeners staying in this time)In the content- modality markers, it is divided into two types and each type has some words to indicate modality more easily. The first type is the degree of beliefEx Surely, he can solve his problem by himself. (I am sure that) Express primarily a subjective view on the truth of what he is saying is truth certainly, filltedly, surely, undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably.Ex Clearly, he can solve his problem by himself. ( Its clear to me that) Markers of degree of convictions as open to objective evidence clearly, evidently, obviously, plainly.Ex Technically, he can solve his problem by himself. Markers of reality or l ack of reality in what is said actually, officially, technically, theoretically. The second type is comment other than on the truth value of what is said.Without necessary implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence or indeed to the speaker.Ex Hopefully, John returned home yesterday.- John was hopeful in doing so- That someone else was hopeful as a result of Johns action.Other markers annoyingly, curiously, funnily enough, happily, hopefully, luckily, naturally, surprisingly With an implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence.Ex Wisely, John returned home yesterday.- The speaker considers the action as wise and he also considers John wise for doing the action.Other markers wrongly, rightly.4.2 Modal lexical verbsPalmer (1986, p. 183) considered in some languages such as English for one, there exist some modal lexical verbs with complement clauses which can be used performatively to indicate the attitudes and opinions of the speaker . mostly verbs with a 1st subject. For instancesI believe that he will become a good student. (epistemic)That he will become a good student in the sentence is the object of the main verb believe. This verb expresses the thinking of the speaker. So, this sentence creates the epistemic modality. It is the same the above example, we has another sentenceI request you to clean your room immediately. (deontic)It is interested that the form of this sentence is the same the form of the above sentence. You to clean your room immediately is the objective of the main verb of the sentence request. However, this sentence here brings the deontic modality because it has the actions concentration.4.3 Modality in crucify clauseAll English learners know that subordinate clause consists of nominal clause, adverbial clause and adjectival clause. How do we indicate modality in subordinate clause? We have example belowI believe that she did the right thing.The verb believe is a lexical verb, and it exp resses belief. The clause that she did the right thing is a subordinate clause and shows the belief about what. It presents the belief more than the action or it is the epistemic modality. By this explanation, the subordinate clause presents the proposition whereas the main lexical verb indicates modality.DISCUSSIONHow to distinguish between epistemic modality and deontic modality in modal words?English is a language which is rather rich in modal words, especially modal verbs such asmay, might, will, would, should, must, ought to, need, can, could.These verbs have a number of meanings, for example, the verb MUST can express both epistemic and deontic modalitya. Heaven must be at work now. must expresses a strong commitment on the part of the speaker to the truth of the proposition. (Heaven is at work.)b. You must finish your homework before going to bed.It is about an obligation on the part of the person denoted by you, the statement is about action to be accomplished. (You do your homework.)For modal verbs in the past, deontic modality also is also expressed in the past action. For instanceYou should have gone to the meet yesterday(Hiep (2007),cited on Lyons, p.824)Deontic modality is presented in the appreciation with the action in the past. In this utterance, speaker does not obligate listener to go to the yesterday meeting, he only confirms that in the point before the present time, listener was in the circumstance which listener had to go to the meeting. Therefore, we did the action which was a confirmation.In which general, we can admit the distinguishing between epistemic modality and deontic modality which is based on three 3 items necessary, ability and reality.This chapter gives a conclusion for this study. First, the issues given in this assignment are discussed. Second, the recommendations and suggestions for further study are made. In general, it is quite difficult to understand fully and profoundly those types because they relate to the grammar feature, ways to use different languages in the real life. The difficulty in learning a language is to understand the meaning of it exactly because the meaning of a word is diversified when it is used to form a sentence. English is a language spoken in many countries and modality shown is multiform. This is based on the purpose of the user. This study indicates the interesting point of modality in language, especially in English and Vietnamese a little. By illustration, language learners can understand more about researching with the sides of meaning related to two types of modality.All what have been referred to in this paper come from the limited understanding and ability. It is, however, hoped that this study will be a small contribution to figure out the interesting significance of the modality of the present international language and a reference to those who are interested in learning and researching language.Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology. Armsterdam Benjamins.Frawley, Charle s, C. (1992). Linguistic semantics. Hillsdale, NJ Laurence Erlbaum Associates.Hiep, N. V. (2007). Mot so pham tru tinh thai trong ngong ngu. Tap chi Ngon Ngu.Hoa, N. (2004). Understanding English Semantics. Ha Noi Nxb. HQG H Ni.Palmer, F. R. (1986). Mood and Modality. Cambridge CPU.Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge and New York CPU.

Computers in Homeland Security :: Technology Terrorism Terrorist Attack Prevention

Computers in Homeland Security Ever since September 11th, 2001, our nation has been completely obsessed with our own guarantor and prevention of another tragic incident. Through this experience leaders of our country have developed a clay that would allow civilians of the status of our nation?s safety. It is called Homeland Security. Homeland Security was developed with several purposes. These include increase overall prepargondness, particularly for catastrophic events, Create better transportation security systems to attain people and cargo more securely and efficiently, Strengthen border security and interior enforcement and reform immigration processes, Enhance information sharing with our partners, Improve DHS monetary management, human resource development, procurement and information technology, Realign the DHS organization to maximize mission performance (Home Land Security Agenda). President Bush even came up with a color code that warns the nation of the terr or threat. Red means severe. Orange is High. Yellow is elevated. Blue is guarded. Green is low. However, it is made up of some of the approximately advanced technology in the world. These computers allow the leaders to use their color coded system to send out warnings which allow us to prevent being vulnerable. Computers are the technology and they are what the government relies on to ensure that we are all safe. One important part of the Homeland Security is the US-CERT. The US-CERT program was invented in 2003, and severs as our internet infrastructure. This branch of Homeland Security is run by the National Cyber Security Division. The acting director of US-CERT is Donald A. Purdy Jr. It protects our internet from cyber attacks. This technology is responsible for analyzing and simplification cyber threats and vulnerabilities, disseminating cyber threat warning information, as well as coordinating incident response activities. The locations of US-CERT are in Arlington, Virginia and Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. ?It relates to the Department of Homeland Security because it was established to work on as the federal government?s cornerstone for cyber security coordination and preparedness, including implementation of the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace? (Department of Homeland Security). This technology regulates the internet protocols in hopes to make virus and cyber attacks easier to detect and prevent. They also are targeting such crimes as identity theft, financial fraud, and network intrusions. Another crucial point of this security system is being ready for the worst.

Parallel in events of 1692 in Salem and McCarthy Investigation of 1950s in America :: essays research papers

The Crucible is written about the bewitchcraft trials in capital of Oregon in 1692, it is a story full of many emotional themes, these are fear, redemption, hysteria and a choice between what is believed to be good and bad.In 1692, Puritans in Salem were in a period of suspicion and fear. People were making accusations of raft conducting witchcraft due to a group of throng seen dancing in the woods, this is seen as worship to the devil. These witch hunts destroyed the innocent and corrupted the accusers, the law made it impossible to find justice.In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy had a frenzied leadership in America. It all started when he claimed that at that place were many avowed Communist in the American government. There was no proof, but anyone who criticised McCarthys claims were accused of being communists themselves, people were claimed to be Communist Sympathisers and were put on trial and even executed, even those who escaped death or prison were blacklisted and their w hole lives were ruined socially and done their careers, this was known as the period of McCarthyism.The events in 1692 and 1950 are very similar because they both involve similar effects upon people. They create fear and redemption, a involvement for what is right and what your conscience tells you. In 1692, people were being wrongly accused of witchcraft, they were put on trial and executed, this is exactly the same as the events in 1950, people were being accused of communism, they were also put on trial and executed. In Salem it was due to the girls dancing in the woods and being accused of worshiping the devil, in America in 1950 it was due to the accusations of Senator Joseph McCarthy, which he could not prove.Miller could not criticise Senator McCarthy at the clip of his power as the atmosphere at the time was such that he would certainly have been charged as a Communist, so he decided he would write about the Salem witch trials in the 17th century, it shows how the trials in Salem were very similar to the McCarthy period, it was even referred to as a witch hunt by critics. In both periods in that location was a varied atmosphere of fear, redemption, hysteria, terror and shear brutality. But no matter if there were Communists in America in 1950, no matter if there were witches in Salem in the 1600s, the search for both cause destruction to the lives of the innocent and corruption to the accusers.